History of, and Impact of Cinema

History of, and Impact of Cinema INTRODUCTION Cinema is one of the few mediums which have managed to successfully depict the true reality of society in general and our lives in particular. As like other art forms, it depicts the multiple realties that one is faced with. It explores one of the most discarded yet eternal truths which every individual experiences and that is isolation. Each individual longs for social ties despite belonging to organized societies; it is what each one of us is ultimately reduced to. A Short filmis a technical description originally coined in theIndian film industryand used in the North American film industry in the early period ofcinema. The description is now used almost interchangeably withshort subject. Although the North American definition generally refers to films between 20 and 40 minutes, the definition refers to much shorter films inEurope,Latin AmericaandAustralasia. InNew Zealand, for instance, the description can be used to describe any film that has duration longer than one minute and shorter than 15 minutes. The North American definition also tends to focus much more on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to depend much more on visual drama and plot twists. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the feature film form, usually acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, short films tend to work as showcases for cinematographers and commercial directors. (Short Film) A short film manages to tell the same tale as a full length feature film, but in a shorter duration of time. It is characterized by the directors reflection of the existing social, political and economic conditions. A short film narrative is one which can easily be created by people from all walks of life, it has universal applicability. It enables directors functioning on a small budget to tell their stories to the world. The talent in creating a short film lies in communicating the message of the film to the audience in a very limited period of time. The transitions in a short film are of critical importance. What I find intriguing is how any person imbibes from their existing social conditions and produce work which is effectively communicable to most individuals. Another reason to dwell into this topic of research is that many youngsters and amateurs start by making short films and use it as a path to grow. AsDaniel Wiernicki states, â€Å"Short films are often popular as first steps into the film industry among young filmmakers. This is because they are cheaper and easier to make, and also their length makes shorts more likely to be watched by financial backers and others who want some demonstration of a filmmakers ability. Many things can be achieved by creating a short film so are an ideal opportunity to get recognized and get into the industry.† (Wiernicki) Through this dissertation, I aim to explore the world of short films in the context of movies which have won the CannesShort Film Palme dOr(French:Palme dOr du court mÃÆ' ©trage), which is the highest prize given to ashort film at theCannes Film Festival. These short films are a representation of different cultures, ideologies, people, religion, economic background, and political thoughts and history from across the world that come together on one platform and showcase their art. The cinema is not an art which films life: the cinema is something between art and life. Unlike painting and literature, the cinema both gives to life and takes from it, and I try to render this concept in my films. Literature and painting both exist as art from the very start; the cinema doesnt. Jean- Luc Godard LITERATURE REVIEW Throughout our history, humans have looked for different forms of expressing themselves. These expressions were in the form of poetry, literature, songs, plays, dancing, etc. films are one of the latest forms of expression that has been adopted by the people around the world to portray their views on their surroundings, any event, or moment that captivates them and they want to show it to the world. The beauty of the films nowadays is that you can detract from reality and present something beyond the human imagination at the same time one can present the harsh realities of life that some dont know about. Films as a medium of communications can be used to spread ones message or view across the world. History of Cinema(History of Film) The birth of the films happened in 1878, when Eadweard Muybridge recorded a horse running in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. With the development of technology came of the ‘Silent era. Till the 1920s movies were silent, though at times they were accompanied by musicians, sound effects, or even commentary at times. 1940s to 60s- War and Post War Cinema The wartime saw immense change in the cinema as more focus was given to propaganda and patriotic films. Films like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Citizen Cane were pieces of this period. The cold war era brought movies filled with paranoia such as Invading Armies of Evil Aliens and anti- communist movies such as the Manchurian Candidate. The onset of television in the post war era also threatened the cinematic industry as a medium of watching films. During this Period, Asian Cinema specifically saw a golden age. Some of the greatest masterpieces of the Asian cinema were produced during this period. These include works like: Yasujiro OzusTokyo Story(1953),Satyajit RaysThe Apu Trilogy(1955-1959) andThe Music Room(1958),Kenji MizoguchisUgetsu(1954) andSansho the Bailiff(1954),Raj KapoorsAwaara(1951),Mikio NarusesFloating Clouds(1955),Guru DuttsPyaasa(1957) andKaagaz Ke Phool(1959), and theAkira Kurosawa films Rashomon (1950), Ikiru(1952),Seven Samurai(1954) andThrone of Blood(1957). 1970s: Post-classical cinema This term is used to describe the period following the decline of thestudio systemduring the 1950s and 1960s and the end of theproduction code. During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed gunfight and battle scenes that included graphic images of bloody deaths. The 1980s were filled with movies releasing with sequels like Star Wars, Jaws, and Indiana Jones. The audience also started to watch movies on their VCR at home during this period. 1990s to present: Contemporary Cinema The 1990s saw the development of the independent cinema with commercial success. Special effects also ruled during this period as it was being heavily used by the successful movies of the period like: Terminator 2: Judgment Day(1991) andTitanic(1997). During the 2000s, documentary genre of film making also rose as can be seen with the success of movies such as March of the Penguins, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Increase in the problem of digital distribution due to infringement of copyrights, and piracy also has reached heights during this period. Cinema as a whole during this decade has become more global with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Films such as City of Gods (Portugese), Lagaan (Hindi), and the Passion of the Christ (Aramaic). â€Å"Some have described the prevailing style of the period aspostmodernbecause many contemporary films are apolitical, ahistorical, intertextual, and less tied to the conventions of a single genre or culture. The transnational circulation and genre hybridity of contemporary films is exemplified by the increasing global popularity of non- English speaking cinema.† (Film Studies, 2009) Major Genres of Films: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Crime Gangster films, Drama, Epic/ Historical films, Horror, Musical, Science fiction, War (anti- war), Western, and Eastern films. Theyare broad enough to accommodate practically any film ever made, although film categories can never be precise. By isolating the various elements in a film and categorizing them in genres, it is possible to easily evaluate a film within its genre and allow for meaningful comparisons and some judgments on greatness. Films werenotreally subjected to genre analysis by film historians until the 1970s. All films have at least one major genre, although there are a number of films that are considered crossbreeds or hybrids with three or four overlapping genre (orsub-genre) types that identify them. (Dirks) History of Short Films ‘Short subject a name initially given to Short Films came into existence in the 1910s when the majority of the feature movies were being made into loner run-time editions. The name ‘short subject is an American film industry term, which was assigned to any film within 20 minutes long or running two reels. Short subject films could be comedy, animated, or live action. One of the best known users of short subject was Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin. In 1930s came the slowdown of the short subjects, basically produced by Warner Bros and Famous studios that owned their own theatres to showcase the films. By 1995s, the rise of television led to the strangulation of the live action- short and at the same time the fall cartoon short. Since the 1960s, majority of the directors of short films have been special studio projects or independent film makers. Since the 1980s, short film term was being used for short subject. Short film as a term describes the non- commercial film that is much shorter in time length than a feature film/ an analogy that can be drawn for short film to a feature film is that of a novella and a novel. The short filmmakers heavily depend on the short film festivals and art exhibitions to showcase their short films. At the same time, these film makers have more freedom to take up more difficult topics than normal feature films as the risks are lower. Short film making is now a growing as more and more amateurs, students, common man, and enthusiasts are taking this up because of the affordability of the technology to make such films. At the same time one can showcase his work to the world by uploading it on web portals and sharing it with others. It is an area where people are turning to as a hobby, as an art, to achieve their form expressions. (Wiernicki) Festival de Cannes The Festival is an apolitical no-mans-land, a microcosm of what the world would be like if people could contact each other directly and speak the same language. Jean Cocteau Being first large international cultural event after the World War II, the Festival de Cannes opened on 20th September, 1946. The Palme dOr was created in 1955. Palme dOr became the enduring symbol of the Cannes Film Festival, awarded each and every year since to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition. At present, Festival de Cannes invites film makers from around the world to present their work in one place and exchange cultural experiences. The selections for the awards are done from a nomination of films from all over the world, from different socio-economic backgrounds, different cultures, and different historical backgrounds. Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular countrys image of its cinema. Festival de Cannes is a melting pot of global cinema and filmmakers. This is the reason why I have undertaken the study of the award winning short films at festival de Cannes. (Festival History) KNOWLEDGE GAP Looking at the current literature review, we see that there is a knowledge gap regarding the study of Short Films in the contemporary cinema as a communication medium. This subject requires an in-depth analysis and more research to come up with some perspectives in this area. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To take selected works of Short Films of contemporary cinema, last ten years winner of Cannes Palme dOr du court mÃÆ' ©trage (1999-2009), and analyse the context and form of Short films. Content of the winners of the Cannes Short Film awards (1999-2009) in context of political, sociological, economical, and historical backgrounds. To study the narrative codes in the films to arrive at a deeper understanding of the short films. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Qualitative research methodology is used in this study. The method would involve content analysis (Roland Barthes), text/narrative analysis and semiotic analysis of the movies. The Sample: The Short Film award winners of Palme dOr du court mÃÆ' ©trage (Cannes Short Film Palme dOr) in Festival de Cannes in the last 10 years (1999-2009). The following Short Films have been selected for the study: Arena Megatron Ver Llover Sniffer Podorozhni Trafic Cracker Bag Eso Utan Bean Cake Anino Why the above Sample? The above following sample has been chosen for the reason being that theFestival de Cannes(le Festival de Cannes), founded in 1946, is one of the worlds oldest, finest and most prestigiousfilm festivals which has a very good representation of directors from across the world from different cultural, political, historical, religious, economical, and sociological backgrounds. This provides us with a variety of content for our study. The above movies are selected also on the basis of them being a part of contemporary cinema. How to Study Short Films Some of the salient points/ questions that will be used to do this study of short films are as follows: 1. Who is telling the story? Why is it being told? Does it appear to have a purpose? (media agencies, authorial voice, writers and auteurs, marketing, economics, ideology) 2. How is it experienced? Who consumes it, where and in what way? (readers and media audiences- private and public experience, narrative structures) 3. How is it made? (film technology, publishing and episodic publishing-the differences they make to the production process as well as to the finished product) 4. How does it construct meaning? (film language and written language-expectations of audiences and readers, codes and conventions, narrative structures) 5. How does it represent its subject- especially with reference to period? (representation, use of stereotypes, representation of the past) (FILM STUDY GUIDE FOR TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, 2003) 6. Three Ways of Thinking Talking About Films(Wilder, 1997) Literary Aspects Dramatic Aspects Cinematic Aspects Who are the characters in the film? Did the actors make you forget they were acting? How? What vivid visual images did you note? What did they make you feel or think about? What is the films setting? Were costumes, make-up, and set equally important to the success of the film? What sounds or music do you remember? What did they make you feel or think about? What are the main plot elements? In what scene was an actors voice (pitch, volume, expression) particularly effective? What scenes can you understand even without dialogue? Why? From whose point of view is the story told? Select a scene that must have been difficult to act. How did the actor make his or her body movements appropriate and convincing? What scene has very effective or unusual editing? What is the theme of the film? Describe a scene in which facial expression was important. What feelings were developed? Were words necessary? If the film uses special effects, do they add to or detract from your enjoyment of the film? What is the mood of the film? Did the actors establish their characters more through dialogue or through movement and facial expressions? What symbols did you notice? How is this film like or unlike other films by the director? Does this director have a recognizable style? Was there anything about the acting, set, or costumes that bothered you or interfered with your watching of the film? EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION Given that the art of making Short Films is on the upward trend it is necessary to analyze the current trends, narratives, and the context of the Short Films genre in our contemporary cinema. We have enough knowledge on feature length movies but we lack information on the Short Films of our age. The study of this medium is important as Short films are a highly effective medium of communication and will gain importance going forward. As more and more people are turning towards Short Film making due to accessibility to technology, it is one field that needs attention in our world of cinema. A study of its content will give us a better understanding of the Short Films and world around us through their camera scope is imperative.

South Korean Pest

Moreover, President Lee is a strong devotee of free trade agreements (Fats) between foreign countries, and South Korea now has Fats with the European Union, the united States of America, and the SEAN countries. The current president Implemented new legislation to make South Korea more attractive for foreign investors. It will, for example, lower corporate tax rates and reduce administrative restrictions on business operations and investment. Furthermore, South Korea has a number of incentives to make foreign investment more at-attractive. These incentives are: Tax support, Cash grant, Site location support, and other sup-port. A.Tax support When foreign companies meet certain requirements, Income and corporate tax from earned Income, business Income, dividend Income, technology payments and custom du-titles on capital goods can be either reduced or be subject to dispensation In accordance with the Restriction of Special Taxation Act. B. Cash grant When a foreign investor meets certai n criteria, local and/or national government can offer a cash grant when the investor wants to build a new plant for example. These criteria are e. G. The creation of jobs, the location of the new plant, if the investment intervenes with lo-cal investment etc. C. Site locationSouth Korea provides so called Free Investment Zones (Fizz). These are to attract foreign Investors/companies. There are two types of Fizz: Complex and Individual. The complex type Is for small and medium sized firm wear as the individual type Is for large corpora-tools with large Investments. The requirements are to be found In the appendices. When a foreign company purchases or leases a piece of land or real-estate owned by the gob-ornament of South Korea, the company can apply for reduction or dispensation of the rental payment. However, the company must meet certain criteria. These are also to be found in the appendices.

Appalachian Stereotypes - 1388 Words

Excuse me miss, but you have the cutest little accent, the pizza delivery guy said. Well, thank you, I replied. If you dont mind me asking, where are you from? I know that you arent from around this area with an accent like that. I am from a little town called Hazard, I replied reluctantly, realizing exactly where this conversation was headed. Oh, is that where the Dukes of Hazzard are from? he asks chuckling. No, that place is Hazzard, Georgia. I live in a little town in southeastern Kentucky. I bet you all have a lot of barefoot, pregnant people there dont you? he asks with a discriminating smile. Well actually we don.... Huh, I bet you all dont even have paved roads or indoor plumbing, he†¦show more content†¦This special leaming center in Hazard allows children from all over the area to experience something extraordinary. Eastern Kentucky is also the home to several colleges: Pikeville College, Alice Lloyd College, Centre College, Hazard Community, Somerset Community, and many more. These higher-level learning facilities provide a higher education for the people in Appalachia who are not ready to leave the area. Dwight B. Billings writes, Appalachia has often been used as a symbol of rural poverty. Just last year President Bill Clinton visited Hazard, Ky. to offer new job opportunities to what he called, an underdeveloped area that America can help develop. But many in Appalachia dont want the outside help. In his book of short stories titled Kinfolks, Gurney Norman describes the strong union that Appalachian families share with one another. An Appalachian himself, Norman depicts family life and the intertwining aspects of love, care, traditions, respect, and knowledge that are found in Appalachian families. It is this same bond that Norman refers to in his stories that keeps many in the area from moving away, from wanting more technology, from wanting change to occur. It is this concentration on not wanting to lose our heritage that makes us so different from the rest of society. Anyone who is unlike the majority is looked at a little suspiciously, dealt with a little differently (Asfahani 18). Because we seem to focus more on our traditionsShow MoreRelatedThe Emergence of Appalachian Stereotypes in 19th Century Literature and Illustration1884 Words   |  8 PagesIn the world of Appalachia, stereotypes are abundant. There are stories told of mountaineers as lazy, bewildered, backward, and yet happy and complacent people. Mountain women are seen as diligent, strong, hard willed, and overall sturdy and weathered, bearing the burden of their male counterparts. These ideas of mountain life did not come out of thin air; they are the direct product of sensational nineteenth century media including print journalism and illustrative art that has continuously misleadRead MoreCompare/ Contrast Appalachian Stereotypes1192 Words   |  5 PagesCombating Stereotypes vs Truths of the People of Appalachia The people of Appalachia are often characterized as ignorant, lazy, uneducated, drug addicted, and incestuous. Many believe that this impoverished area is full of hicks, hillbillies, and rednecks, but when examining the truths one might find an enriched culture with generous people who are hardworking, artistic, and family oriented with a strong religious faith. In the documentary, The Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia, aRead MoreEssay about Appalachia Culture1522 Words   |  7 Pagescut in half. Comparing the 391 counties in the Appalachian Regional Commission with counties outside the region that were similar to Appalachian counties in the 1960s, researchers found that Appalachian counties grew significantly faster than their counterparts. Specifically, overall income in Appalachia grew 48 percent faster; per capita income grew 17 percent faster; and population grew five percent faster. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Appalachian mountaineers have been discovered and forgottenRead More Kentucky Stereotypes Essays1704 Words   |  7 Pagesare they still brother and sister? The lists of redneck jokes surrounding Kentucky stereotypes are endless. Many people get a good laugh out of the jokes, but they dont realize that they are portraying a crude message about all Kentucky folk. More so than any other state, Kentucky is labeled and illustrated as redneck and poor. Much of this may stem from many of the small towns in Kentucky and in the Appalachian area. However, Appalachia has been misunderstood and misrepresented: Appalachia hasRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Low Education1002 Words   |  5 Pages It is no doubt that the Appalachian region is discredited of its merits, despite the perceived negative social problems associated with the area. What many outsiders of the area fail to acknowledge is that many of the same problems of Appalachia plague other regions of the United States as well. In Appalachia, there are many problems that can be associated with the area and usually the people from the area are grouped into a poor environment—a lower socioeconomic class. Across the region there isRead More James Stills River of Earth: A Neglected American Masterpiece811 Words   |  4 PagesSteinbecks novel, which tells the story of the plight of a poor white family in Oklahoma during the Depression, is no less regional than Stills chronicle of poor white life in eastern Kentucky . Yet somehow Grapes of Wrath escaped the regional stereotype and went on to become an American classic. Ironically, though, when the two novels were released, Stills grabbed more critical acclaim (Olsen 89). Though Grapes of Wrath did earn some rave reviews and was called the great American book byRead MoreThe Violent Myth Of Appalachia Essay3997 Words   |  16 PagesBrooks 3 THE VIOILENT MYTH OF APPALACHIA ENGL-330 Appalachian Literature By Julie A. Brooks November 17, 2016 the violent myth of appalachia Appalachia may be the most misconceived region in the United States. To many Americans, Appalachia has been thought of as a poverty stricken, backwards, violent region, and to some it still is perceived as such. Often it has been labeled with titles such as hillbilly, redneck, moonshiner, and feudists. Appalachia?s residents are seen as lazyRead MoreLiterature Review On Language Changes2788 Words   |  12 Pagesways. Although many studies have been done looking into this issue there is very little data detailing how the Internet has changed those that are considered to be more on the fringe of modern American society, specifically that of the rural Appalachian communities. This is a topic that should be of interest to many academics and professional researchers alike. As rural Appalachia begins to be opened up to the world through the Internet how will this dialect of American English change? WhatRead MoreThe Diversity Of Appalachia And The Appalachia Region1222 Words   |  5 PagesAppalachia project is to explore the diversity of Appalachia and to establish a visual counter point. (Home - Looking at Appalachia.) The three images I am going to analyze are challenge some of the stereotypes put on the Appalachia region. I believe my images challenge the stereotype that all Appalachian people do is work hard, go to church, and don’t have time for anything besides those two things. The first of the three images focuses on an older gentleman sitting at a bar stool smoking a cigarette(ReynoldsRead MoreSnake Handling, a Pentecostal Pastime Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesstronger and more respected group. Appalachians have been scrutinized by several outside sources as being inbred, uneducated, wild, violent, drunk, crazy, and the list goes on and on. However, one of the negative stereotypes that tend to stick out more prominently than others is that people in Appalachian folk are crazy, serpent handling, Christians. In order for the people of the Appalachian Mountain region to figure out a way to get over this stereotype and move forward in their quest to be

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Analysis Of My Family Honor By Sarah H Davis - 1020 Words

The scenario that I chose is â€Å"My Family Honor† by Sarah H Davis. The players involved in the scenario are Sarah H. Davis, the landlady Letizia, Sarah’s son Jackson and her husband David. The scenario is about Sarah who is an anthropologist and is fascinated about going to Corsica. She brings her son and her husband with her to do researcher about the culture in France. In Corsica she lives with the landlady Letizia and right away Sarah and she have a problem because of cultures values. The characteristic of their culture problem involves: Uncertainty avoidance, low context vs high context individualism vs collectivist and time. The problem occurs because Letizia is upset about at Sarah for not cleaning the house. Sarah could have avoided†¦show more content†¦Letizia tells Sarah that she is supposed to clean the house. France is a high context country because the people do not like to tell others what to do. Sarah, showing low context, she expects Letizia to tell her what she supposes to do. In Minor and Lowell articles refers to â€Å"A written agreement can be taken at face value in a low-context culture. A contract, for example, means exactly what it says, no more and no less than that. A contract is considered the final product of negotiations, not the starting point.† In other words, when you have a contract you are expected to know what to do. In the scenario, Sarah is from American and she follows her culture at Letizia house. Sarah expects Letizia to tell her what she must do in the house, but Letizia did not tell her, so the problem arose. Americans expect others to tell them what to do. In the scenario the characteristic of time culture value is used as the part of the problem. Time culture value contains two types: monochronic time and polychronic time. Monochronic time refers to people who only do what thing at the time. Polychronic time refers to people who believes that time e flies and they like to take it easy and relax. In the scenario, Sarah uses the time culture value when she told Letizia that she will be happy to help her start cleaning but later. Sarah writes, â€Å"I told her I could come and would be happy to help, but I added, because Jackson was required to comeShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Lost Boys by James Garbarino A Review Free Essays

Through the ‘Lost Boys, by Dr. James Garbarino discusses the phenomenon of youth violence in America, with emphasis on understanding its causes as a major tool for dealing with the menace. This essay seeks to explore the main points and arguments pointed about in the book, ways in which society has failed in curbing the disorder, and what can be done to INTRODUCTION: A TYPICAL SCENARIO A 15-year African American Ken lived in the inner-city trouble zone of Los Angeles, with parents who are both poor and uncaring. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Boys by James Garbarino: A Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now He grew up to protect himself, seeing the world as an unsafe place: He saw form his point of view, that life is unbearable and one must be aggressive to make your way through life, especially to possess the material things that mattered to him. He understood that he was not cared for by his parents, but seen as an outsider; he was detached. On many occasions when he was young, he had been abused by his father, bullied seriously at school and for that he developed an aggressive approach to living as he grew up. He also hated his father for his violent activities and unwholesome behavior of drinking and smoking. At his age, he got hooked up in a gang of five boys who called themselves ‘Fox Army’. Because of his dedication to these gang activities, his performance at school dwindled. For this, his father expresses serious harsh words on him, telling him he would never be anything good in life. In the whole of this picture stood a fearful mother who was always quiet and strictly aligned to the father’s opinion. Ken wondered on several occasions why he and his siblings were treated as such. He was ashamed of himself and his family. Having being threatened by his violent father with guns on several occasions, he felt the gun was a tool to silence enemies. In the gang, they all seem to share the same experiences of parental neglect and abuse, depression and confusion about the essence of living. They never felt any emotions nor did they perceive anything positive about schooling, family and other things around them. They share same schema of life: fight to protect yourself, enemies are out there in the world planning to eliminate you. The faster of us win to survive and see the light of another day. To see another to get others, use illegal means to make money and acquire material possessions in an attempt to use such things to eliminate the deep-seated feelings of worthlessness and shame. They were eager to make money by all means; so, they got into illegal drug sales. They also started smoking and drinking, adventures they felt would relieve them of the burden they carried. In no time, they had access to the guns of their parents for protection. Even with these, Ken did not make as much money as his friends. He got really frustrated and distressed because he needed the money to add up to that he got from his parents to stay in school. He woke up one morning by hammering slaps of his violent father who accused him of theft. He was guilty of the offence; yet, he denied it. His father started threatening hi with guns again. He left his bedroom and headed to the sitting where he kept his gun: he reached for it, and with it, killed his parents. In this vexation, he started saying all sorts of things like: ‘Fox soldier, go for the bait. Kill the enemy with sharpened teeth of the fox. Go and deal with the wicked world’ He kicked the main entrance door open and shot in the crowd of school children going early to school. He shot continuously, until he became so vexed and put the gun into his head, pulled the trigger and said, ‘it all ends here’. As the noise of the approaching cop intensifies, he pulled the trigger and shot himself. It was reported that five people died including Ken. The news was carried by a local newspaper. The only national daily that featured it described the teenager as ‘brutal’ and ‘horribly terrible’. And that was where it ended. Nobody wanted to know more. ‘WHAT IS NOT SEEN AT THE SCENE’ The main intention of the writer is to draw the attention of the Public to the menace of youth homicide with emphasis on understanding what is not seen at the scene, as a tool to stemming its tide. The scenario created above typifies the main point and arguments enunciated in the ‘Lost Boys’. The ideas launched in the text were based on statistical date from reliable sources, the experiences of those who have been affected in one way or the other by acts of youth violence and a ‘systematic’ approach to understanding what is not seen at the scene of the incident. He also drew ideas from the research and writings of other experts in the field to arrive at the following salient points: Youth violence is a major societal disorder that is quite extensive. However, it is obscured from its staggering reality by the national homicide picture which is reportedly stable. Lethal violence is common among the poor African-Americans and Hispanics, those who form the minority groups, with only few cases by Americans. These groups are concentrated in the inner city and suburbs of the South. As a result of those involved, the media and the general Public ignore ‘making sense’ of such crimes giving limited attention to it. This is claimed to be as a result of racism and class bias, as well as the perceived immunity Native Americans think they have. With the current tide of the menace sweeping to the abode of the ‘immunized’, he argues that no one is really immune. The current incidents recorded with new white faces awakened the Public to the reality of the issue: white teenagers are joining the train. With this pointed established, everyone sees a problem to be checked and it is easier to do. Having established that everyone is endangered, he seeks to lay a foundation for finding lasting solutions. First, he emphasizes the need to understand why the killers kill others and themselves. He believes that this would invariably be achieved by learning from the lives and experiences of those who have lived with it for the past two decades. Drawing form this point of strength where everyone’s attention is drawn, he shows that the accumulation of risk factors such as smoking, involvement in gang activity and illegal drug deals, access to guns, family history of violence, psychiatric disorders is central to the distorted behavior of killers.   He emphasizes that the causes of youth violence are complex and cannot be associated with a single factor. He notes that culprits are no animals but humans who have been strongly influenced by risk factors they grew with, and only live to bury their deep-seated shame by acts of violence; they are like Ken, who did not see any cogent reason for living. THE WAY OUT Having stated the reality of violence, the ‘Southern’ location of its prevalence because of prevailing factors and the lessons of the past, he then proposes ways of dealing with the violence: Both the individual and the community, are involved.   The individual needs proper parental care, protection, training and mentoring; these would help to build a strong self-image and create positive outlook to life. The home is the first community that is pertinent in building a good child: this should be stable, loving and full of positive affirmations for the growing child; necessary needs should also be met. The government has a major role to play; it should enact laws that reduce crime, promote community campaigns against violence and crime, provide funds for educational and health institutions. A credible and fair justice system must be on present. He particularly suggested a ‘Visiting Nurse Program’. He also emphasized good working relationships between professionals involved with the menace of youth violence. In conclusion, a society who fails to wake up to the roar of a wandering lion by getting hunters ready, should be prepared to dance to the music of the Vulture that would feast on their carcasses.    How to cite Lost Boys by James Garbarino: A Review, Essay examples

Stealing and Mrs Tilchers Class Carol Ann Duffy Essay Example For Students

Stealing and Mrs Tilchers Class Carol Ann Duffy Essay In the poems Stealing and Mrs Tilcher s Class Carol Ann Duffy tells us about life through different people s eyes. In both her poems she uses simple words and metaphors to express her views. Stealing shows us how boring life could be without friends. The observation here is that she motivates people against antisocial behavior. In Mrs Tilchers Class Carol Ann Duffy illustrates the difference stages of life in a child. ‘Stealing is a poem in the form of a persona. It depicts a lonely life without family and friends in which the thief finds different ways of stealing in order to amuse himself. He states Mostly I m so bored I could eat myself. He is so bored that he steals a snowman in order to make a friend. He finds out that his friend has many characteristics in common to him. His friend had a mind as cold as the slice of ice within my own brain. The poet has a conversational tone such as asking questions. We are hearing only part of the conversation. The poem is set on a cold chilly night. The poet is more cynical and formal when she is talking about the snowman. The phrase an idle mind is a devil s workshop is very applicable here since the thief has nothing to do, so to keep himself busy he breaks into people s homes. He has a rather ruthless philosophy of life that better of dead than giving in, not taking what you want. He steals not for money but for the pleasure. He tries to be part of families by collecting photographs of them, this is evidence of his loneliness. Carol Ann Duffy has used an irony of the thief hugging the snowman. Hugging is associated with warmth, here it is done to a snowman which would obviously be cold. There is another irony when she says that he s having a joyride when he s not having fun, he s just doing it for the sake of it. Mrs Tilcher s Class is a nostalgic poem. In this poem the poet tells us about growth in life. She shows this by using a kindergarten child who is developing and maturing while aging. The child experiences and learns many things during school life. The poet uses a tadpole as a metaphor for the child. As the tadpole grows up the child matures. The tadpoles changed from commas to exclamation marks. There is a sign of growing up when the child asks Mrs Tilcher how she was born to which she ignores. The child has knowledge of something, which other kids don t have and Mrs Tilcher doesn t want to reveal anything like that to the children at that time of their lives. The poet has used simple and child like words in her poem as she is describing a child s life. The poem is very ordered and repetitive like a nursery rhyme. She has also used metaphors such as a tangible alarm which means there is a sign of maturity and pubity in the child. She has also structured the poem well. We can see that in Mrs Tilcher s Class the stanzas become shorter and shorter this shows as people mature, time passes faster. Whereas in Stealing the length of each stanza is the same, here we can see that there was probably no change in the thief s life. He remained lonely and had no future. Duffy s poems show how exciting and boring life can be without a family. Life is a mystery when young and is exciting while maturing. Life can also make people go the wrong way when it becomes boring.